Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II

The Battle of Iwo Jima was fought from February 19 to March 26, 1945, during World War II (1939-1945). The American invasion of Iwo Jima came after Allied forces had island-hopped across the Pacific and had conducted successful campaigns in the Solomon, Gilbert, Marshall, and Mariana Islands. Landing on Iwo Jima, American forces encountered much fiercer resistance than expected and the battle became one of the bloodiest of the war in the Pacific.    Forces Commanders Allies Admiral Raymond A. SpruanceMajor General Harry SchmidtVice Admiral Marc Mitscherup to 110,000 men Japanese Lieutenant General Tadamichi KuribayashiColonel Baron Takeichi Nishi23,000 men Background During 1944, the Allies achieved a series of successes as they island-hopped across the Pacific. Driving through the Marshall Islands, American forces captured Kwajalein and Eniwetok before pushing on to the Marianas. Following a victory at the Battle of the Philippine Sea in late June, troops landed on Saipan and Guam and wrested them from the Japanese. That fall saw a decisive victory at the Battle of Leyte Gulf and the opening of a campaign in the Philippines. As a next step, Allied leaders began developing plans for the invasion of Okinawa. Since this operation was intended for April 1945, Allied forces were faced with a brief lull in offensive movements. To fill this, plans were developed for the invasion of Iwo Jima in the Volcano Islands. Located approximately mid-way between the Marianas and the Japanese Home Islands, Iwo Jima served as an early warning station for Allied bombing raids and provided a base for Japanese fighters to intercept approaching bombers. Additionally, the island offered a launching point for Japanese air attacks against the new American bases in the Marianas. In assessing the island, American planners also envisioned using it as a forward base for the anticipated invasion of Japan. Planning Dubbed Operation Detachment, planning for capturing Iwo Jima moved forward with Major General Harry Schmidts V Amphibious Corps selected for the landings. Overall command of the invasion was given to Admiral Raymond A. Spruance and the carriers Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitschers Task Force 58 were directed to provide air support. Naval transport and direct support for Schmidts men would be given by Vice Admiral Richmond K. Turners Task Force 51. Allied air attacks and naval bombardments on the island had commenced in June 1944 and had continued through the remainder of the year. It was also scouted by Underwater Demolition Team 15 on June 17, 1944. In early 1945, intelligence indicated that Iwo Jima was relatively lightly defended and given the repeated strikes against it, planners thought it could be captured within a week of the landings (Map). These assessments led Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz to comment,  Well, this will be easy. The Japanese will surrender Iwo Jima without a fight. Japanese Defenses The believed state of Iwo Jimas defenses was a misconception that the islands commander, Lieutenant General Tadamichi Kuribayashi had worked to encourage. Arriving in June 1944, Kuribayashi utilized  lessons learned during the Battle of Peleliu and focused his attention on building multiple layers of defenses that centered on strong points and bunkers. These featured heavy machine guns and artillery as well as held supplies to allow each strong point to hold out for an extended period. One bunker near Airfield #2 possessed sufficient ammunition, food, and water to resist for three months. Additionally, he elected to employ his limited number of tanks as mobile, camouflaged artillery positions. This overall approach broke from Japanese doctrine which called for establishing defensive lines on the beaches to combat invading troops before they could land in force. As Iwo Jima increasingly came under aerial attack, Kuribayashi commenced focusing on the construction of an elaborate system of interconnected tunnels and bunkers. Connecting the islands strong points, these tunnels were not visible from the air and came as a surprise to the Americans after they landed. Understanding that the battered Imperial Japanese Navy would not be able to offer support during an invasion of the island and that air support would be nonexistent, Kuribayashis goal was to inflict as many casualties as possible before the island fell. To this end, he encouraged his men to kill ten Americans each before dying themselves. Through this he hoped to discourage the Allies from attempting an invasion of Japan. Focusing his efforts on the northern end of the island, over eleven miles of tunnels were constructed, while a separate system honeycombed Mt. Suribachi at the southern end. The Marines Land As a prelude to Operation Detachment, B-24 Liberators from the Marianas pounded Iwo Jima for 74 days. Due to the nature of the Japanese defenses, these air attacks had little effect. Arriving off the island in mid-February, the invasion force took up positions. The American planned called for the 4th and 5th Marine Divisions to go ashore on Iwo Jimas southeastern beaches with the goal of capturing Mt. Suribachi and the southern airfield on the first day. At 2:00 AM on February 19, the pre-invasion bombardment commenced, supported by bombers. Heading towards the beach, the first wave of Marines landed at 8:59 AM and initially met little resistance. Sending patrols off the beach, they soon encountered Kuribayashis bunker system. Quickly coming under heavy fire from the bunkers and gun emplacements on Mt. Suribachi, the Marines began to take heavy losses. The situation was further complicated by the islands volcanic ash soil which prevented the digging of foxholes. Pushing Inland The Marines also found that clearing a bunker did not put it out of action as Japanese soldiers would use the tunnel network to make it operational again. This practice would be common during the battle and led to many casualties when Marines believed they were in a secure area. Utilizing naval gunfire, close air support, and arriving armored units, the Marines were slowly able to fight their way off the beach though losses remained high. Among those killed was Gunnery Sergeant John Basilone who had won the Medal of Honor three years earlier at Guadalcanal.   Around 10:35 AM, a force of Marines led by Colonel  Harry B. Liversedge succeeded in reaching the islands western shore and cutting off Mt. Suribachi. Under heavy fire from from the heights, efforts were made over the next few days to neutralize the Japanese on the mountain. This culminated with American forces reaching the summit on February 23 and the raising of the flag atop the summit. Grinding on to Victory As fighting raged for the mountain, other Marine units battled their way north past the southern airfield. Easily shifting troops through the tunnel network, Kuribayashi inflicted increasingly severe losses on the attackers. As American forces advanced, a key weapon proved to be flamethrower-equipped M4A3R3 Sherman tanks which were difficult to destroy and efficient at clearing bunkers. Efforts were also supported by the liberal use of close air support. This was initially provided by the Mitschers carriers and later transitioned to the P-51 Mustangs of the 15th Fighter Group after their arrival on March 6. Fighting to the last man, the Japanese made superb use of the terrain and their tunnel network, constantly popping out to surprise the Marines. Continuing to push north, the Marines encountered fierce resistance at the Motoyama Plateau and nearby Hill 382 during which the fighting bogged down. A similar situation developed to the west at Hill 362 which was riddled with tunnels. With the advance halted and casualties mounting, Marine commanders began changing tactics to combat the nature of the Japanese defenses. These include assaulting without preliminary bombardments and night attacks. Final Efforts By March 16, after weeks of brutal fighting, the island was declared secure. Despite this proclamation, the 5th Marine Division was still fighting to take Kuribayashis final stronghold at the northwest tip of the island. On March 21, they succeeded in destroying the Japanese command post and three days later closed the remaining tunnel entrances in the area. Though it appeared that the island was fully secured, 300 Japanese launched a final assault near Airfield No. 2 in the middle of the island on the night of March 25. Appearing behind the American lines, this force was ultimately contained and defeated by a mixed group of Army pilots, Seabees, engineers, and Marines. There is some speculation that Kuribayashi personally led this final attack. Aftermath Japanese losses in the fighting for Iwo Jima are subject to debate with numbers ranging from 17,845 killed to as high as 21,570. During the fighting only 216 Japanese soldiers were captured. When the island was declared secured again on March 26, approximately 3,000 Japanese remained alive in the tunnel system. While some carried on limited resistance or committed ritual suicide, others emerged to scavenge for food. US Army forces reported in June that they had captured an additional 867 prisoners and killed 1,602. The final two Japanese soldiers to surrender were Yamakage Kufuku and Matsudo Linsoki who lasted until 1951. American losses for Operation Detachment were a staggering 6,821 killed/missing and 19,217 wounded. The fighting for Iwo Jima was the one battle in which American forces sustained a greater number of total casualties than the Japanese. In the course of the struggle for the island, twenty-seven Medals of Honor were awarded, fourteen posthumously. A bloody victory, Iwo Jima provided valuable lessons for the upcoming Okinawa campaign. In addition, the island fulfilled its role as a waypoint to Japan for American bombers. During the final months of the war, 2,251 B-29 Superfortress landings occurred on the island. Due to heavy cost to take the island, the campaign was immediately subjected to intense scrutiny in the military and press.

My Neighborhood-Personal Narrative Essay - 498 Words

My Neighborhood-Personal Narrative I would wake up Saturday morning to birds chirping. I would get up, get dressed and go outside. The children in my neighborhood would come to my backyard, and we would play til our parents called us in. I remember the trees being huge, and the days so long. I didnt really know many of my neighbors. I had a handful of friends who lived in the same building, and that was it. The neighborhood itself was pretty bad. Sometimes I would wake in the middle of the night to the sound of gunshots. After living around Central Park and Armitage for a while I kind of expected the gunshots. In fact, my mother and I survived a drive by shooting. I am glad my mother restricted my interaction with the outside†¦show more content†¦Most kids just imitate the stupid antics they saw older kids perform. I have always been just me. I used to think I had a horrible life. I was poor, and didnt have many physical belongings. It didnt help that my mother was nine teen. At that age she was ignorant of the things children need when growing up. Now that I look back, I understand it wasnt her fault; she is a product of her neighborhood. And, like so many others, she did not know about the affection children so deserve. Anyways, I wasnt too aware of my poverty. Nothing around me could possibly tell me I was poor. In fact I can only recall one time I went hungry. The boys and girls around me definitely did not dress any different than I, and at such an early age one doesnt really notice such things. I only saw the inside of two of my neighbors houses. The fist was a polish home. The father worked all the time, the mother cooked all the time, and the daughter played all the time. The girl was named Kathy. She was a pervert. In fact, she taught me all about sex. My female cousin, Yaritza, and I would go to her house and play. I think my cousin was also a pervert, although I did not pay much attention to her to notice. 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Introduction to Research-Sleep Quality Study-Samples for Students

Question: Choose a case and write a report on the ethics issues that may happen. You need to consider both pros and cons of certain type of research. Together with the ethics issues you will consider in the chosen case, you also need to provide the response plan to solve the problems according to the ethics policies, principles, rules in VU, VIC state and Australia. Answer: Introduction Quality of sleep is extremely important for maintaining a healthy life. A good nights sleep can bring benefits to hearth, mind, weight and many more things (Curcio et al., 2013). Health benefit experts have found that better sleep quality contributes in improving memory, enhancing longevity, reducing inflammation, spurring creativity, enhancing cognitive performances, improving attention and concentration, controlling weight and staying away from anxiety and depression. Sleep is the restorative state and the normal sleep is inadequate or disturbed due to some temporary or chronic issues. This results in increased tension, fatigue, irritability and vigilance. Emotional or physical trauma, metabolic or any other medical problems can initiate the sleep disturbances (Pow et al., 2017). Thus, from a very long time, the health benefit researchers have been researching on this topic to find out the patterns of sleep, quality of sleep, impact of disturbed sleep quality on various segments of people etc. According to National Sleep Foundation (NSF), there are many indicators that define good quality sleep. For example, sleeping at least 85% of the total time spent in bed, falling asleep within 30 minutes or less of going to bed, waking up not more than once a night and staying awake for 20 minutes or less after the initial sleep are the key indicators of good quality sleep (Sleepfoundation.org., 2014). As per other numerous researches, good quality sleep is an indicator of good health. However, quality sleep can also mean excess sleep for some people and excess sleep is not always good for health. Therefore, quality sleep is mostly defined as the undisturbed adequate sleep. This research report focuses on the study on sleep quality. It will address various aspects of the sleep quality of human beings and how the sleep quality affects the mental and physical health of people. Figure 1: Quality of sleep among the Americans (Source: Sleepfoundation.org., 2014) Figure 2: Sleep issues among American men and women (Source: Sleepfoundation.org., 2014) Research Background As discussed above, sleep quality is a very important factor that enables a person to have a healthy life. Sleep quality is associated with many things. It has been found that in various studies, that good quality sleep can enhance the memory. It helps in better academic performances, better health and increases productivity. On the other hand, lack of quality sleep can bring many problems such as, lack of focus and concentration, health issues, deterioration in performances etc. At the same time, it is found that, many factors influence the overall sleep quality. For example, physical activity can impact the sleep quality of a person. The usage of technology, use of light, surrounding noises, work pressure, tiredness from travelling, mental and/or physical illness etc. contribute in worsening the quality of sleep (Boubekri et al., 2014). The researcher will try to find out different aspects of sleep quality through this research. The earlier researches have focused on good and bad quality sleep, its impacts on human beings, belonging to different societies and categories, sleeping patterns, habits, problems etc. In this research study, the researcher will focus on the study on sleep quality. Various methods that are used to measure sleep quality will be explored by the researcher. Along with that, several benchmarks or thresholds that categorize different levels of sleep quality will be explored too. For this subject, the researcher will be conducting a cross sectional study between the groups of insomniac and good sleeper. This type of study is on kind of observational study and chosen so that a series of observation can be made over a period of time and can be analyzed to have an idea about the population (Lajoie et al., 2015). In this study, the researcher aims to find out what are levels of sleep quality, factors affecting sleep quality and impact of sleep quality on different category of people. Hence, the expected outcome of this research is different levels of sleep quality and the ways to measure them. Pros and Cons of research As discussed above, the researcher will be using cross sectional research for this research. It is one type of observational research. In this type of research, the researcher gets the chance to see what the participants of a population or sample are doing when they are faced with multiple choices. To be precise, a cross sectional study measures different variables within the population or sample at a single or specific point in time (Bryman Bell, 2015). It is a process of simultaneous data gathering. This is the most commonly used method of research in the case of health related issues. There are some pros and cons in this type of research. Those are as follows. Pros of cross sectional study: Ease of access to information: This type of study offers an easy and quick way for a researcher to gather the data for research. In majority of the cases, routinely collected data is sufficient. Even for a large target population, cross sectional study provides the scope for easy and quick data collection. Hence, the outcomes are also quite precise. Cost effectiveness: This type of research provides the opportunity for cost effectiveness. This helps the health care and research institutions to access the data easily and hence, saves both time and money. The lower cost of this study makes it possible to conduct further thorough investigations on the overall condition of the population (Hair, 2015). Use of multiple variables: using multiple variables at a single point of time helps the researcher to assess various aspects of the population at the same time. Thus, it helps in saving the time for conducting different studies on a particular population. Cons of cross sectional study: Causality problems: Although the cross sectional studies provide a good snapshot of the data, it does not provide a strong basis to establish the causality. While two different variables a single point of time, the cross sectional study can only tell if the variables are related or not, but it cannot determine if one causes the other. Neyman Bias: It is generated from the tools used for data collection by the researcher or by the health institutes. The tools, such as, scales, sphygmomanometers and pedometers are quite accurate but, questionnaires are the most commonly used tool in cross sectional studies and they give rise a prevalence-incidence bias, called Neyman Bias (Kremers akir, 2014). A person may not be able to answer every thing accurately, hence, even if the questionnaire is set perfectly objective, the imperfect answers either minimizes or magnifies the impacts of any particular variable and this affects the results of the cross sectional study. Specific of time: This type of study cannot be used to study and analyze the behavior of the population over a period of time. It can be used only for a single point of time (Lou et al., 2015). Flaw in findings: In cross sectional study, if there is a conflict of interest between the researcher and the funding source, the findings can be skewed or flawed. Ethical Issues,integrity and safety issues and risks Ethical issues, integrity, safety issues and risks are big concerns for any researcher. Dignity of the subjects, protection of the collected information and publication of the analysis should be protected with a high priority. In any type of survey, the researcher must understand the importance of protection of the privacy of the personal information of the respondents. During a research survey, the respondents may face challenges to meet the moral principles or ethics. This may lead to a conflict with the values of the subjects, societies, communities, and that may create dilemma for the researcher to include the results of the survey in the research paper. Marianna and Fouka (2014), says that the ethical issues in cross sectional research include voluntary participation of the respondents, informed consent by them, risk of harm in case of publication of personal information, leading to confidentiality, and anonymity of the participants. In this sleep quality study, the researcher m ust take measures to avoid these issues. The researcher also faces integrity issues regarding research misconduct, authorship and publication, conflicts of interest, data management and protection of intellectual property. It is extremely important for any researcher to maintain the uniqueness of the research paper. In this case also, the researcher must maintain the integrity of the sleep quality research by managing the response data efficiently so that the information does not get stolen. He must also maintain the originality of his research. He must consult previous literatures on sleep and quality of sleep and proceed with the research accordingly (Bowman, 2013). In the cross sectional study, there are some safety issues regarding the personal information of the respondents and the researcher must maintain confidentiality of them. Since, the topic of the research is a generic health issue, it is expected that, divulging personal information might not put the respondents in any kind of risks. Yet, the researcher must keep the data confidential to fulfill the ethical considerations of the research. Response plan to the issues and risks The researcher may not be able to follow the standard risk response plan that is usually followed in the project management. Under risk response plan, there are four categories, namely, avoidance, transfer, mitigation and acceptance. Avoidance refers to making the probability of the risk to zero by making some adjustments in the plan. Transfer represents shifting of the responsibility of dealing the risk to someone else. Mitigation is the reduction of the impact of the risk and acceptance is the event of dealing with the consequences of the risk (Bromiley et al., 2015). Under the cross sectional study for researching on the quality of sleep and its various aspects, the researcher faces the risk of anonymity, confidentiality of the personal information and originality of the study. In this context, the researcher must take the measures to maintain the uniqueness of his paper. He must take help from the various scholarly articles to write his own paper, but the writing and the concept should be of his own. Any unauthorized similarity of the paper with any other authors work can bring severe legal consequences for the researcher (Ferguson et al., 2015). Hence, the researcher must be aware of this and must act responsibly. Along with that, he must also maintain the anonymity and confidentiality of the private information of the respondents. This not only reflects the respect towards the respondents, but also ensures that the risk of harm is minimized. Lastly, the researcher must not publish the collected data much earlier of the final publication. These are all risk avoidance measures. By taking these measures, the researcher can avoid the risks that can arise while doing the study. Conclusion From the above report it can be found that, sleep quality study is a new topic in this field that focuses on variations in the quality of sleep and how it affects the performance and health across different sections of the people. The researcher will be performing a cross sectional study on the insomniacs and the good sleepers to find out the impact of quality sleep on them. This will help the researcher to get an idea on the impact of sleep on various sections of the population at a single point of time. This type of study has both advantages and disadvantages, however, to conduct a study on a very large population with several variables, the cross sectional study is the most suitable method. There will be some ethical, integrity and safety issues and risks, and the researcher must have to take risk avoidance measures to make the paper unique, authentic and free from any moral and legal issues. Lastly, it can be said that, the researcher should perform the sleep quality study to hig hlight the types of sleep quality and its impacts on the people by conducting a cross sectional study on a large population to get a vivid idea on the subject. References Boubekri, M., Cheung, I. N., Reid, K. J., Wang, C. H., Zee, P. C. (2014). Impact of windows and daylight exposure on overall health and sleep quality of office workers: a case-control pilot study.Journal of clinical sleep medicine: JCSM: official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine,10(6), 603. Bowman, S. (2013). Impact of electronic health record systems on information integrity: quality and safety implications.Perspectives in Health Information Management,10(Fall). Bromiley, P., McShane, M., Nair, A., Rustambekov, E. (2015). Enterprise risk management: Review, critique, and research directions.Long range planning,48(4), 265-276. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Curcio, G., Tempesta, D., Scarlata, S., Marzano, C., Moroni, F., Rossini, P. M., ... De Gennaro, L. (2013). Validity of the Italian version of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI).Neurological Sciences,34(4), 511-519. Ferguson, T., Rowlands, A. V., Olds, T., Maher, C. (2015). The validity of consumer-level, activity monitors in healthy adults worn in free-living conditions: a cross-sectional study.International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,12(1), 42. Hair, J. F. (2015).Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Kremers, H. M., akir, B. (2014). Issues in Setting Up a Study and Data Collection. InUnderstanding Evidence-Based Rheumatology(pp. 141-157). Springer International Publishing. Lajoie, P., Aronson, K. J., Day, A., Tranmer, J. (2015). A cross-sectional study of shift work, sleep quality and cardiometabolic risk in female hospital employees.BMJ open,5(3), e007327. Leger, D., Bayon, V., Ohayon, M. M., Philip, P., Ement, P., Metlaine, A., ... Faraut, B. (2014). Insomnia and accidents: cross?sectional study (EQUINOX) on sleep?related home, work and car accidents in 5293 subjects with insomnia from 10 countries.Journal of sleep research,23(2), 143-152. Lou, P., Qin, Y., Zhang, P., Chen, P., Zhang, L., Chang, G., ... Zhang, N. (2015). Association of sleep quality and quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study in China.Diabetes research and clinical practice,107(1), 69-76. Marianna, M., Fouka, G. (2014).What are the major ethical issues in conducting research? is there a conflict between the research ethics and the nature of nursing?.Hsj.gr. Retrieved 9 December 2017, from https://www.hsj.gr/medicine/what-are-the-major-ethical-issues-in-conducting-research-is-there-a-conflict-between-the-research-ethics-and-the-nature-of-nursing.php?aid=3485 Pow, J., King, D. B., Stephenson, E., DeLongis, A. (2017). Does social support buffer the effects of occupational stress on sleep quality among paramedics? A daily diary study.Journal of occupational health psychology,22(1), 71. Sleepfoundation.org. (2014).Lack of Sleep is Affecting Americans, Finds the National Sleep Foundation.Sleepfoundation.org. Retrieved 9 December 2017, from https://sleepfoundation.org/media-center/press-release/lack-sleep-affecting-americans-finds-the-national-sleep-foundation

The Life of Jane Addams Essay Example For Students

The Life of Jane Addams Essay Jane Addams, a pioneering social worker, helped bring attention to the possibility of revolutionizing Americas attitude toward the poor. Not only does she remain a rich source of provocative social theory to this day, her accomplishments affected the philosophical, sociological, and political thought. Addams was an activist of courage and a thinker of originality. Jane Addams embodied the purest moral standards of society which were best demonstrated by her founding of the Hull-House and her societal contributions, culminating with the winning of the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize. Jane Addams was born on September 6, 1860, the eighth child of a prominent family in the small town of Cedarville, Illinois. Of the nine children born to her parents, John and Sarah Addams, only four would reach maturity. Pregnant with her ninth child at the age of forty-nine, Sarah Addams died in 1863, leaving two-year-old Jane, ten-year-old James Weber and three older daughtersMary, Martha, and Alice. Five years after Sarahs death, John Addams married Anna Haldeman, a widow from nearby Freeport who had two sons, eighteen-year-old Henry and seven-year-old George. Jane welcomed the arrival of George, who was almost the same age as she, but she resented her new stepmother at first. The little girl was used to being pampered by her older siblings and the family servants, and she was taken aback by Anna Addamss unfamiliar habits. The new Mrs. Addams was determined to enforce order in the somewhat unruly household, and she had a quick temper. When she arrived in her new home, she began a t once to reorganize it, insisting on formal mealtime behavior, scrupulously orderly rooms, and strict discipline among the children. Anna Addams was, however, intelligent, cultivated, and basically kind. An avid reader and a talented musician, she often entertained the youngsters by reading plays and novels aloud to them, playing the guitar, and singing folk songs. The children soon became accustomed to her ways, and after a few months she won the hearts of both Jane and her siblings. Although Jane grew found of Ma, as she began to call her stepmother, she continued to look to her father and sister Martha for advice and approval. When Martha suddenly died of typhoid fever at the age of sixteen, five-year-old Jane became more dependent than ever on her adored father. At the age of sixteen, Addams was an attractive young woman. College was an exception rather than a rule for women in the 1870s, but John Addams approved of higher education for women, and Jane wanted to go. In 1877, se venteen years old, Jane boarded a train at Cedarville station, and set off for Rockford Seminary, a female college in Rockford, Illinois. Like the twenty-two other women in her freshman class, Addams felt singled out for special opportunity, and she was determined to make the most of it. A few years later, after organizing a chess club, a debating society, an amateur theatrical group and editing/writing for the Rockford Seminary Magazine, Jane graduated and returned home to Cedarville. Jane Addams intended to carry out her plan of attending the Womens Medical College in the fall of 1881 largely because she had to her father she would. Jane soon realized that medical school was not for her as she found she was incapable of concentrating on her classes, an utter failure and unable to work at the best of myself. In February of 1882, she dropped out and entered a hospital, suffering from severe back pain as well as depression. That April, Jane underwent an operation to straighten her sp ine caused by an earlier childhood diagnosis, tuberculosis of the spine. As part of young Janes rejuvenation, her stepmother and a few other women took her on a trek through Europe, proving to be excellent therapy. Addamss European tour improved her health and expanded her cultural horizons. Even more important, however, was what it showed her about a side of life she had never known. A few months after the American women had crossed the Atlantic, she and her companions found themselves in London. There, Jane recalls she received an ineradicable impression of the wretchedness of the poor. Escorted by a tour guide to the slums of east London, the group saw crowds of poor residents bidding on spoiled vegetables discarded by the city grocers. Addams strongest impression, she said, was of hands, myriads of hands, empty, pathetic, nerveless and workworn, showing white in uncertain light of the street, and clutching forward for food which was already unfit to eat. After her visit to the E ast End, Addams went about London furtively, afraid to look down narrow streets and alleys lest they disclose again this hideous human need, bewildered that the world should be going on as usual. Her world, she realized, did not expect her to even remember these peoples misery, much less do anything about it. Well-off and free to do as she chose, Addams nevertheless felt trapped. She knew she wanted to help people, but how? The more she saw Europes cultural riches and the squalor of its slums, factories, and mines, the less she was able to see a clear path toward serving humanity. After almost two years of travel, she returned spiritually more confused than when she had left it. Still perplexed about her role in life, Jane Addams returned to the United States in 1885, spending her next two years in Baltimore. She wrote a few essays about her trip for the Rockford Seminary Magazine, studied the art books from Europe, went to concerts, lectures, and parties, and reread journals she ha d kept during her trip. None of these lifted her spirits, so in the winter of 1887, Jane and a few friends including Ellen Starr returned to England. She was in awe of the citys vast cathedrals with carvings and statues illustrating the history of humanitys quest for spiritual enlightenment. Gazing around the magnificent house of worship in Germany, she envisioned a cathedral of humanity that would be capacious enough to house a fellowship of common purpose and beautiful enough to persuade men to hold fast the vision of human solidarity. Jane and company returned to the United States in 1888 where she would begin to turn her ideas into a reality. In 1889, Addams and Starr moved into a boardinghouse in Chicago where their first task was to round up support for their scheme. Addams intended to use her inheritance to pay most of the expenses, but she hoped to get both moral and financial support from Chicagos religious establishment. She became a member of the Fourth Presbyterian Churc h, attending Bible lectures and teaching a Sunday-school class. Fourth Presbyterians congregation included some of Chicagos wealthiest and most influential people, some of them interested in philanthropy. Whenever Addams met these people, she told them about her plans for a settlement house. She tirelessly repeated her principle argument: A house, easily accessible, ample in space, hospitable and tolerant in spirit, situated in the midst of the large foreign colonies which so easily isolate themselves in American cities, would be in itself a serviceable thing for Chicago. Addams also emphasized her theory that the dependence of classes on each other is reciprocal, meaning that well-to-do people who helped the poor would benefit themselves. Her proposals generally received courteous attention, and the discussion, while often skeptical, was always friendly. With much of the citys religious establishment behind them, the women set about learning how they could run the project that they had in mind. They visited Chicagos leading charitable organizations including the Armour Mission, the Chicago Womens Club, the Womens Christian Temperance Union, and the Association of College Alumnae. These groups responded with enthusiasmsometimes, felt Addams with too much enthusiasm; she was determined to keep the project independent of all official organizations. Addams knew she needed to learn more about Chicago and its inhabitants before opening the settlement house. When she was not visiting charitable institutions, reading about social movements in Europe, or writing letters and giving speeches about her plan, she was busily investigating the city. She trudged through the worst slums, observing and talking to immigrant residents. On September 18, 1889, after several months of repairing and decorating, Addams and Starr moved into their new home. They named it Hull House after its original owner. The areas residents, most of them poor Italian immigrants, were suspicious of t he newcomers at first. Eager to win their neighbors confidence, Addams and Starr decided to demonstrate their respect for the Italian culture. After decorating the walls of Hull House with photographs they had taken in Italy the year before, they invited the whole neighborhood to a reading party of Romola a George Eliot novel about humanitarianism that Addams read aloud in the native tongue, Italian. Suddenly, crowds of local residents, many of them women with babies and young children, began to visit. Realizing that one of the communitys most urgent needs was a nursery school, Addams called on Jenny Dow, a young and wealthy woman who had volunteered her services. Dow started a kindergarten class, enrolling twenty-four children and paying all the expenses herself. Some socially prominent women began to come to the settlement only because they were curious or because working with the poor was fashionable. Many of them, however, sincerely wanted to help and became loyal and indispensa ble aides. The unpaid volunteers who lived at Hull House did their own laundry, cooking, cleaning, and house maintenance. They all worked long, hard hours; in Hull Houses first year, 50,000 people came through its doors. The idealistic young women were inspired both by the needs of the people they served and by Jane Addams herself. Every morning, the settlement house offered kindergarten for the neighbors youngest children and English-language and craft classes for their mothers. In the afternoon, older children arrived for club meetings, vocational training, and classes in art and music. Evening featured cultural programs and more classes for adults. Everywhere she went, Addams was received as a pioneer, honored for her work in awakening the social conscience of America. Hull House had become a famous symbol of the new wave of altruism that was sweeping through the current generation of young, middle-class Americans. The Chicago settlement house, always crowded with neighborhood re sidents, became a magnet for visitors from all walks of life. Hull House remained the center of Addamss life in the 1890s and the first decade of the twentieth century, but she did not limit her activities to the Chicago area. With seemingly inexhaustible energy, she made speeches all over the United States. In February 1899, for example, she delivered four lectures in New York, ten in Massachusetts, two in Pennsylvania, and one each in Vermont, Virginia, and South Carolina. During the rare moments when she was not supervising the programs at Hull House, taking part in labor-management meetings, or making speeches, Addams wrote her first book. Published in 1902, Democracy and Social Ethics was a resounding success, concerning the study of the relationships of human beings, dealing sympathetically with Americas immigrants. One of the best-known women in America by 1910, Addamss outstanding work had not gone unnoticed by others. She turned her attention increasingly to larger, worldwi de causes, and received the honor of being named the first woman president of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections. In 1906, she attended her first meeting of the National American Women Suffrage Association, an organization promoting the right to vote for women. By 1911, NAWSA had elected Addams its vice president, and the following year, she spoke at its convention in Philadelphia. When Theodore Roosevelt ran for president as a third-party candidate in 1912, he endorsed some of the social and factory reforms that Addams and her Hull House coworkers supported. Since Addams and Roosevelt had become good friends, she willingly backed his partywith one exceptionher disagreement with Roosevelts racial position. Nearly two years after Roosevelts campaign and subsequent defeat, Addams became involved in another strugglethe struggle for peace. As news continued to reach the United States about young men fighting and being killed in Europe during the Great War in 1914, Adda ms became more and more concerned. Then, on January 15, 1915, a conference of various womens groups was held in Washington, D.C. A new, unified group known as the Womans Peace Party came out of the conference and elected Jane Addams as its head. People often misunderstood Addamss efforts to promote peace, and for a time, she became unpopular. Addams wanted the United States to stay out of the war, and groups like Daughters of the American Revolution and the American Legion disagreed with her since she appeared unpatrioticeven pro-Germanto many Americans. Throughout the 1920s, Addams continued to work fro world peace through an organization called the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom. Although still involved with Hull House, the world had become her forum. In 1931, Addams received her greatest honor, the Nobel Peace Prize, but because of a bronchitis attack and surgery for a tumor, she was unable to travel to Norway to accept it. The Nobel Committee had granted her t his award because of her earlier efforts to promote peace. Despite the years of criticism she had faced because of her views on world peace, Addams was vindicated after all. Addams lived the next few years of her life trying to help her neighbors and to make the world a safer, better place. In February 1935, Addams received the American Education Award and attended Washington, D.C., celebrations in her honor, where she addressed the world by radio. On May 21, 1935, Jane Addams died from recently discovered intestinal cancer; she was seventy-four years old. Janes funeral took place at Hull House as thousands of people gathered in the courtyard to pay their last respects. The marker on her gravestone reads simply: Jane Addams of Hull House and the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom. The epitaph is a brief one for a person who accomplished so much throughout her lifetime, and for one who responded to each new challenge with courage, fine-tuned from years of practice. Som e have wondered what a difference Hull House and the ideas it represents have made. What influence have the classes held there, the clubs, the musical programs, and all other activities had? Perhaps only a few hundred, overall, actually attended functions at Hull House. The others Addams influenced, either read her writings or heard her speak. Addamss vision and ideas live on, however, not only in the people reached by the Hull House center in Chicago, but in numerous other cities across the United States who attempted to duplicate Jane Addamss cause. From the modest beginnings at Hull House, Addams helped begin a whole movementa movement that spread throughout society. Middle-class and wealthy people learned about the problems of the poor and immigrant people. They also learned that they could remedy some of societys ills. Largely through Addamss efforts, people became aware not only of poor peoples needs, but of what they could do to improve living conditions. Still standing on Ha lsted Street, the original mansion that contained Hull House looks as gracious and dignified as everas if Jane Addams herself stands within its courtyard reminding us to bring help and hope to those less fortunate. .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c , .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c .postImageUrl , .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c , .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c:hover , .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c:visited , .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c:active { border:0!important; } .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c:active , .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud80a56ebfede4b22fb6117973c64257c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Beowulf As Christian Allegory Essay We will write a custom essay on The Life of Jane Addams specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now BibliographyAddams, Jane. Democracy and Social Ethics. 1902. Reprint. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002. Addams, Jane. The Second Twenty Years at Hull-House. New York: Macmillan Co., 1930. Addams, Jane. Twenty Years at Hull-House. 1910. Reprint. Prairie State Books. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990. Berson, Robin. Jane Addams: A Biography. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004. Elshtain, Jean Bethke. Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy: A Life. New York: Basic Books, 2002. Lasch, Christopher, ed. The Social Thought of Jane Addams. American Heritage Series. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1965. The Official Web Site of the Nobel Foundation. Nobelprize.org. 2005. http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1931/addams.html